Paragon systems were used in many scientific areas, including atmospheric and oceanic flow studies, and energy research. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. The Alto is a groundbreaking computer with wide influence on the computer industry. Almost a million units were ordered on the day of release. In 1983 Zojirushi introduced a rice cooker that was among the first consumer-oriented products to rely on fuzzy logic. Updates called _____ contain fixes and enhancements to the operating system. From concept to finished system, SCAMP took only six months to develop. The Amiga sold for $1,295 (without monitor) and had audio and video capabilities beyond those found in most other personal computers. After the war, he concentrated on the development of Princetons Institute for Advanced Studies computer. "We are trying to build a machine to do all kinds of different things simply by programming rather than by the addition of extra apparatus," Turing said at a symposium on large-scale digital calculating machinery in 1947 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This object-oriented multitasking operating system was groundbreaking in its ability to foster rapid development of software applications. The first offering to the public required the buyer to purchase one to be given to a child in the developing world as a condition of acquiring a machine for themselves. Xerox PARC physicist Gary Starkweather realizes in 1967 that exposing a copy machines light-sensitive drum to a paper original isnt the only way to create an image. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? The micro should be an extremely low power device even if this raises the cost of the project. It was used to model the decay of the US nuclear arsenal, analyze financial data, and render 3D medical images in real-time. The PDP-8 sold for $18,000, one-fifth the price of a small IBM System/360 mainframe. refers to symbols that represent fast objects and ideas. A special version, known as HARVEST, was developed for the US National Security Agency (NSA). Foremost among its developments was Forresters perfection of magnetic core memory, which became the dominant form of high-speed random access memory for computers until the mid-1970s. Built in Sydney, Australia by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research for use in its Radio physics Laboratory in Sydney, CSIRAC was designed by British-born Trevor Pearcey, and used unusual 12-hole paper tape. Let us call it Simon, because of its predecessor, Simple Simon Simon is so simple and so small in fact that it could be built to fill up less space than a grocery-store box; about four cubic feet.. While imprisoned at Buchenwald concentration camp for the rest of World War II, he refines his pre-war design of a calculator featuring a modified version of Leibnizs stepped drum design. . Within a year, he had built the worlds first laser printer, launching a new era in computer printing, generating billions of dollars in revenue for Xerox. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. The 48-bit machine used 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes. The Watch was received with great enthusiasm, but critics took issue with the somewhat limited battery life and high price. In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. What is a typical classroom application for instructional games? It used 53 vacuum tubes and hundreds of germanium diodes, with a magnetic drum for memory. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. One major advance in programming was Wilkes' use of a library of short programs, called subroutines, stored on punched paper tapes and used for performing common repetitive calculations within a lager program. Windows NT was a version of Windows that included a graphical interface on top of a DOS kernel. The Univac 1 is the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. VTech, founded in Hong Kong, had been a manufacturer of Pong-like games and educational toys when they introduce the Laser 128 computer. 40,000 were sold, including 10 to NASA for use on the Apollo space project. The PC Jr. is marketed as a home computer but is too expensive and limited in performance to compete with many of the other machines in that market. The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. Ed de Castro, its main designer and co-founder of Data General, had earlier led the team that created the DEC PDP-8. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. In 1984, Michael Dell creates PC's Limited while still a student of the University of Texas at Austin. Used for science and engineering as well as simple data processing, the LGP-30 was a bargain at less than $50,000 and an early example of a personal computer, that is, a computer made for a single user. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. -The Massive Open Online Course (M O O C). It could also share files and print out documents on an advanced Xerox laser printer. This free, public set of lectures inspired the EDSAC, BINAC, and, later, IAS machine clones like the AVIDAC. The VAIO line of computers would be best known for laptops were designed with communications and audio-video capabilities at the forefront, including innovative designs that incorporated TV and radio tuners, web cameras, and handwriting recognition. It was also repeatedly expanded and improved throughout its 13-year lifespan. spreadsheet What is the function of an IEP generator? While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. The primary distinguishing characteristic of modern computers is ____. During three years of production, IBM sells 19 701s to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the federal government. It used a MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz. The ASCI Red, based on the design of the Intel Paragon, was built by IBM and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories. Demand called for more than 12,000 of the 1401 computers, and the machines success made a strong case for using general-purpose computers rather than specialized systems. The Nest would remember what temperature users preferred by training itself to monitor daily use patterns for a few days then adopting that pattern as its new way of controlling home temperature. The PET was popular with schools and for use as a home computer. Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing. By the mid-1960s, nearly half of all computers in the world were IBM 1401s. Five times faster than its predecessor, the 8008, the Intel 8080 could address four times as many bytes for a total of 64 kilobytes. It managed Japan's first on-line, real-time reservation system for Kinki Nippon Railways in 1960. Computer-enhanced image of IBMs Roadrunner. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company had just made the transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue began to move from punched card equipment to electronic computer systems. It was eventually housed at NASAs Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. Later revisions used the Z80 processor, which is the model pictured above that [The Byte . The Apple II, one of the first commercially successful microcomputers, was debuted at the inaugural show of which annual computer industry conference? The machine was expandable, with ports for cassette storage, serial interface and rudimentary networking. Eventually, SABRE expanded, even making airline reservations available via on-line services such as CompuServe, Genie, and America Online. Manipulate the data according to specific rules (process) 3. The air defense system used two AN/FSQ-7 computers, each of which used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes, 175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors. For easy replacement, designers placed each transistor circuit inside a "bottle," similar to a vacuum tube. The first digital computer that could operate in real-time came out of Project Whirlwind, a initiative during World War II in which MIT worked with the U.S. Navy to develop a universal flight simulator. !" "The only app I use when I need to get down to business." Instruction for which all students "meet" with the instructor by video at a designated time of day would be an example of this kind of distance course. The world's first scanned image was made on SEAC by engineer Russell Kirsch in 1957. It performed 2 million instructions per second, but other RISC-based computers worked significantly faster. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. The Model 650 was also highly popular in universities, where a generation of students first learned programming. It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. The IAS computer was designed for scientific calculations and it performed essential work for the US atomic weapons program. b. enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. Each Cray-1 took a full year to assemble and test and cost about $10 million. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. While many early digital computers were based on similar designs, such as the IAS and its copies, others are unique designs, like the CSIRAC. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. (D) Most of those individuals and companies that could be expected to make up the potential market for the Regent microcomputer have already filled their microcomputer needs. MITS co-founder Ed Roberts invented the Altair 8800 which sold for $297, or $395 with a case and coined the term personal computer. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. When Xerox PARC loaned the Stanford Engineering Department an entire Alto Ethernet network with laser printer, graduate student Andy Bechtolsheim re-designed it into a prototype that he then attached to Stanfords computer network. The 6600 retained the distinction of being the fastest computer in the world until surpassed by its successor, the CDC 7600, in 1968. This very small home computer is available in the UK as a kit for 79 or pre-assembled for 99. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. The machine used up to 65,536 one-bit processors and could complete several billion operations per second. Building a computer into the watch form factor has been attempted many times but the release of the Apple Watch leads to a new level of excitement. Intended to be a less expensive alternative to the PET, the VIC-20 was highly successful, becoming the first computer to sell more than a million units. The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. The mill is still in use today as an office park (Clock Tower Place) today. The project became the One Laptop per Child Consortium (OLPC) founded by Nicholas Negroponte, the founder of MIT's Media Lab. The device was considered the earliest non-kit personal computer. That same year in Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. Running on dual IBM 7090 mainframe computer systems, SABRE was inspired by IBMs earlier work on the SAGE air-defense system. IBM establishes the 650 as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in just one year. Curt Herzstark was an Austrian engineer who worked in his familys manufacturing business until he was arrested by the Nazis in 1943. It was sold exclusively in Japan, but could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. SSEC goes on display IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. Also known inside IBM as the Defense Calculator," the 701 rented for $15,000 a month. The Newton line never performed as well as hoped and was discontinued in 1998. The machines were used by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to run massive solar energy simulations, as well as some of the most complex molecular studies ever undertaken. C. What do research studies tend to confirm about online learning? The Roadrunner is the first computer to reach a sustained performance of 1 petaflop (one thousand trillion floating point operations per second). The first of several personal computers released in 1977, the PET comes fully assembled with either 4 or 8 KB of memory, a built-in cassette tape drive, and a membrane keyboard. Reaching 32 gigaflops (32 billion floating point operations per second), Intels Touchstone Delta has 512 processors operating independently, arranged in a two-dimensional communications mesh. Caltech researchers used this supercomputer prototype for projects such as real-time processing of satellite images, and for simulating molecular models in AIDS research. The PROMs contained a disk operating system, allowing. For its January issue, hobbyist magazine Popular Electronics runs a cover story of a new computer kit the Altair 8800. Which of the following is not a benefit offered by simulations? The IBM PC was widely copied (cloned) and led to the creation of a vast ecosystem of software, peripherals, and other commodities for use with the platform. What is the best statement about your choice of a microcontroller for the project? Based around the Texas Instruments TMS 9900 microprocessor running at 3 MHz, the TI 99/4 has one of the fastest CPUs available in a home computer. A series of pulleys transported continuous rolls of punched paper tape containing possible solutions to a particular code. If a social studies teacher wanted to poll students anonymously about their opinions on a local issue, what tool might she use to gather their data? Colligan, Dubinsky, Hawkins (left to right). The function of an output device is to: Selected Answer: Convert electronic information produced by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end-users. The AGCs first flight was on Apollo 7. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. . Question 13. The line was discontinued less than two years later. He is the creator of the first consumer flight simulator software. Information systems whose purpose is to glean from raw data relationships and trends that might help organizations compete better are called business intelligence (BI) systems. It had no operating system, but it did recognize commands entered via a row of switches. While it did not sell well, the operating system, Be OS, retained a loyal following even after Be stopped producing hardware in 1997 after less than 2,000 machines were produced. Wilkes' ideas grew out of the Moore School lectures he had attended three years earlier. IBMs first personal computer, the system was designed to run the APL programming language in a compact, briefcase-like enclosure which comprised a keyboard, CRT display, and cassette tape storage. Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal computers, particularly any of a class of small digital computers whose CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip. Nine of the computers, which featured dozens of advanced design innovations, were sold, mainly to national laboratories and major scientific users. Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The Nest Learning Thermostat is an early product made for the emerging Internet of Things, which envisages a world in which common everyday devices have network connectivity and can exchange information or be controlled. The J-Phone line would quickly expand, releasing a flip-phone version just a month later. The Pi weighed only 45 grams and initially sold for only $25-$35 U.S. Answers: Convert data into an electronic machine-readable form for direct entry into a computer system. The company called it a connected organizer rather than a PDA to emphasize this ability. Quiz 1. Sales were weaker than projected, despite being widely praised by the press for its active matrix display, removable trackball, and high performance. Which two kinds of software are designed primarily for use by individuals rather than by groups of students? True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) is among the first stored program computers completed in the United States. A joint project of Englands Manchester University, Ferranti Computers, and Plessey, Atlas comes online nine years after Manchesters computer lab begins exploring transistor technology. It was named after John von Neumann, a world famous mathematician and computer pioneer of the day. The 6502 and its progeny are still used today, usually in embedded applications. Apple Stores display of newly introduced Apple Watches. These are the two categories people usually use to describe tutorial software functions. Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. It used $120 worth of electronics components, as outlined in the September 1973 issue of hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics. Called the Model K Adder because he built it on his Kitchen table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. Cuthbert Hurd (standing) and Thomas Watson, Sr. at IBM 701 console. IBM's brand recognition, along with a massive marketing campaign, ignites the fast growth of the personal computer market with the announcement of its own personal computer (PC). MADDIDA was flown across the country for a demonstration to John von Neumann, who was impressed. assist teachers in preparing student IEPs What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? server. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. The basic computer cost $28,500. Built by a team led by engineers Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn, the Mark I serves as the prototype for Ferrantis first computer the Ferranti Mark 1. MOS 6502 ad from IEEE Computer, Sept. 1975. The trio soon attracted UC Berkeley UNIX guru Bill Joy, who led software development. True/False B. Its price was especially attractive as the computer included very useful productivity software worth about $1,500 alone. What do sites such as edshelf, Learning List, What Works Clearinghouse, EdSurge Product Index, and Common Sense Education help teachers with? Until the year 2000, it was the world's fastest supercomputer, able to achieve peak performance of 1.3 teraflops, (about 1.3 trillion calculations per second). The original design included two memory boards and could generate and store 512 characters as 16 lines of 32 characters. MADDIDA is a digital drum-based differential analyzer. The Johnniac computer is one of 17 computers that followed the basic design of Princeton's Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer. What type of software allows teachers and students in different locations to use it to create, edit, and share documents at the same time over the Internet? Plans for the Mark-8 cost $5 and the blank circuit boards were available for $50. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College (now University). Of the following, which is one of the controversies surrounding use of word processing in schools? After retiring their initial Visor series of PDAs, Handspring introduced the Treo line of smartphones, designed with built-in keyboards, cameras, and the Palm operating system. It was the fastest computer in the world from November 2009 to June 2010. Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop. It was designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark. [2] At a cost to computer makers of roughly $700, the ASR-33 Teletype is originally designed as a low cost terminal for the Western Union communications network. the _____ screen is the first screen displayed. 1951. Microcomputers for Twenty-First Century Educators (Paperback, 4th ed) / Author: Lockard / Author: Abrams / Author: "Many ; 9780673524560 ; Educational resources & technology, Education, Social sciences, Books It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. Lenovo became the largest manufacturer of PCs in the world with the acquisition, later also acquiring IBM's server line of computers. Working under Tom Kilburn at Englands Manchester University, Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb demonstrate a prototype transistorized computer, the "Manchester TC", on November 16, 1953. The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. Assessment instruments may have lower reliability and validity when used with non-native English speakers. To reduce its size, the traditional hard drive was replaced with a solid-state disk, the first mass-market computer to do so. It presents an approach to the technology and the implementation prOblem, documented with information about specific transit applica-tions. The 2116A is HPs first computer. All these previous chips set the stage for the first PC processors. Which software function could help students memorize the correct names of chemical elements? Minuteman missiles use transistorized computers to continuously calculate their position in flight. Thousands of software titles were released over the lifespan of the C64 and by the time it was discontinued in 1993, it had sold more than 22 million units. Powerful microcomputers developed for use by commercial, educational and government enterprises are called ____. True False Over 30 were completed, including one delivered to Australia. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. Lisa itself, and especially its GUI, were inspired by earlier work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. A large amount of software was created for the BBC Micro, including educational, productivity, and game programs. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. More than 50 PDP-1s were sold. There are many stand-alone utility programs available as an alternative to the operating system'sutility programs. Get started for free! Developed for Busicom, a Japanese calculator maker, the 4004 had 2250 transistors and could perform up to 90,000 operations per second in four-bit chunks. OPENSTEP was used as one of the foundations for the new Mac OS operating system soon after NeXT was acquired by Apple in 1996. It interfaced with a wide number of standard laboratory instruments, allowing customers to computerize their instrument systems. False Conceived in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this credit card-sized computer features ease of use and simplicity making it highly popular with students and hobbyists. The Programma 101 could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as calculate square roots. You are designing a controller for a toaster oven. The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. It was based on a graphical user interface using windows, icons, and a mouse, and worked together with other Altos over a local area network. The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. Operator at Complex Number Calculator (CNC). The 2200 used a built-in CRT, cassette tape for storage, and ran the programming language BASIC. This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. The Nova line of computers continued through the 1970s, and influenced later systems like the Xerox Alto and Apple 1. Atari's 8-bit computers were influential in the arts, especially in the emerging DemoScene culture of the 1980s and '90s. Today those systems use the PowerPC chip, also by Motorola and a successor to the 68000 series.

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